Opções a capsulotomia e capsulectomia no tratamento da contratura capsular: existem alternativas medicamentosas ao tratamento cirúrgico? Revisão de literatura / Options for capsulotomy and capsulectomy in the treatment of capsular contracture: are there clinical treatment alternatives to surgery? A literature review

INTRODUÇÃO: A contratura capsular é uma das principais complicações em cirurgias envolvendo implantes mamários. A classificação mais usada para avaliar o grau de contratura é a de Baker, que a divide em graus I, II, III e IV, sendo as de grau III e IV consideradas significativas. Apesar de existirem diversas teorias, a etiologia da contratura capsular permanece incerta. O tratamento convencional para os casos de contratura é a abordagem cirúrgica com realização de capsulotomia ou capsulectomia. Estes procedimentos, no entanto, não estão isentos de morbidades, com complicações como deiscências, hematomas, seromas, pneumotórax, assimetrias e recidiva da contratura. Este estudo faz uma revisão sobre as alternativas ao tratamento cirúrgico convencional, descritas na literatura. MÉTODOS: Foi realizada pesquisa nas bibliotecas da Pubmed e da Cochrane, utilizando-se os termos: 'capsular contracture', 'capsular contracture treatment' e 'capsular contracture breast treatment'. Foram identificados 991 artigos e selecionados os que discutiam opções medicamentosas para o tratamento de contratura, diferentes de capsulectomia e capsulotomia. RESULTADOS: Foram encontrados vårios estudos utilizando drogas com o fim de reduzir a contratura capsular, das quais o Zafirlucaste é apresentado em maior número de trabalhos. CONCLUSÃO: Dentre as várias drogas utilizadas, o Zafirlucaste apresentou boa eficácia, com baixos índices de complicação; a Triancinolona parece ser também uma boa opção, no entanto precisa de profissional habilitado para realizar as infiltrações. As demais drogas necessitam de maiores estudos.

INTRODUCTION: Capsular contracture is among the main complications of surgeries involving breast implants. The most commonly used classification to assess the degree of contracture is the Baker grading system, which divides contractures into grades I, II, III, and IV. Of these, grade III and IV contractures are considered significant. Although several causes have been postulated, the etiology of capsular contracture remains uncertain. Conventional treatment for contracture is based on a surgical approach, specifically capsulotomy or capsulectomy. These procedures, however, are not exempt from morbidity, and patients may develop complications such as dehiscence, hematoma, seroma, pneumothorax, asymmetry, and contracture recurrence. This study provides a review of alternatives to conventional surgery described in the literature. METHODS: We researched the PubMed and Cochrane Library databases using the following keywords: "capsular contracture", "capsular contracture treatment", and "capsular contracture breast treatment". We identified 991 articles from which we selected those discussing medication options for contracture treatment other than capsulectomy and capsulotomy. RESULTS: We identified several studies in which drugs, most commonly zafirlukast, were used to reduce capsular contracture. CONCLUSION: Among the various reported drugs, zafirlukast exhibited good efficacy and a low rate of complication. Triamcinolone also appears to be a good option, although professional assistance would be needed for drug administration via infiltration. The other drugs described would require further investigation.

Uso de férulas correctoras en la rigidez de la articulación interfalángica proximal como consencuencia de un traumatismo / Corrective splints in the stiffness of the proximal interphalangeal joint as a result of trauma

La pérdida de rango de movimiento pasivo (PROM) en las articulaciones interfalángicas de la mano es una secuela común tras lesiones traumáticas. A pesar de que el uso de férulas se ha convertido en una modalidad terapéutica ampliamente aceptada para mejorar el PROM, existe muy poca evidencia empírica que guíe en la prescripción de férulas. El presente estudio investiga el efecto del uso de férulas correctoras en contracturas en fexión de la articulación interfalángica proximal (IFP) de los dedos de la mano tras una lesión traumática. Diecisiete pacientes con una contractura en fexión de la IFP tras una lesión traumática como consecuencia de un accidente laboral participaron en este estudio experimental. Mediante un goniómetro digital se valoró el PROM de la articulación IFP de dichos pacientes y se les asignó de manera aleatoria a uno de los dos grupos de férulas. A los pacientes del grupo A se les colocó una férula de extensión dinámica de la IFP y a los del grupo B se les colocó una férula de extensión estática. El PROM de la articulación se volvió a valorar con un goniómetro en el momento en el que los pacientes recibieron el alta laboral. Los resultados indicaron mejorías signifcativas en ambos grupos en la corrección de la contractura en fexión (p<0,05). La diferencia entre los pacientes que usaron la férula dinámica frente a los que usaron la férula estática no fue estadísticamente signifcativa. Ambos tipos de férulas pueden ser recomendadas para el tratamiento de contracturas en fexión inferiores a 35º de la IFP tras una lesión traumática.

Reduced passive range of motion (PROM) of the interphalangeal joints of the hand is a common consequence after a traumatic injury.Although mobilizing splinting has become a rehabilitative approach widely accepted by therapists to improve PROM, limited empirical evidence is available to guide in its prescription. This study investigates the effect of corrective splinting on fexion contracture of the fnger proximal interphalangeal joints (PIP) after a traumatic injury of the hand. Seventeen patients with fnger fexion contracture of the PIP as a result of an industrial accident participated in the experimental study. The passive range of motion of the PIP joint was measured with a fnger goniometer and patients were randomly allocated to one of two splint programs. Subjects in group A were given dynamic extension splints, and subjects in group B were given static splints. PROM was re- assessed with a goniometer once the patient was discharged and started working again. Results indicated signifcant improvement in both groups in the correction of the fnger fexion contracture (p<0,05). Patients with dynamic fnger extension splints did not differ signifcantly from those with static splints in extension gains. Both types of splints can be recommended for fexion contractures of 35 degrees or less in the PIP joint after a traumatic injury.

Effect of serial casting in spastic cerebral palsy.

OBJECTIVE: Cerebral palsy (CP) is a range of non progressive syndromes of posture and motor impairment due to an insult to developing brain. Spasticity and incoordination are major causes of disability in these children which can be managed by different modalities like casting, botulinum toxin, surgery etc. Cast application in spastic equinus is a well established procedure in CP but cast application in patients of CP with bilateral involvement of hip, knee and ankle is not document. METHODS: A study was conducted on 22 children of spastic CP in age range of 3-8 years with bilateral involvement of hip, knee and ankle in 20 cases, hip and ankle in one case and only ankle in one case. Sixty eight % children were spastic diplegics. Serial weekly cast with (11 cases) or without abductor bar (11 cases) was applied for four weeks. They were followed up variably with an average period of 7 months. RESULTS: Significant improvement was noticed in range of motion around hip, knee and ankle which as maintained over hip and knee after average follow up. Spasticity was also reduced as measured by Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS). This ultimately improved the ambulatory status and functional ability of these children. CONCLUSION: Thus serial casting is a very simple, safe and cost effective procedure which can be applied even in children with mental sub normality having all three major joints involved bilaterally.

Efectividad del tratamiento rehabilitador del síndrome cervical doloroso en pacientes que asistieron a consulta externa del Hospital Aldo Chavarría en el período de abril del 2007- a enero del 2008 / Effectiveness of rehabilitative treatment of cervical pain syndrome in patients who attended outpatient clinics of the Hospital Aldo Chavarria in the period April 2007 - January 2008

El dolor cervical, asociado o no a otros síntomas, es uno de los motivos más comunes de consulta en un departamento de Medicina Física y de Rehabilitación. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, prospectivo, longitudinal y no probabilistico para evaluar la efectividad del tratamiento rehabilitador del síndrome cervical doloroso a través de la aplicación de la escala del dolor de Borg en pacientes que asistieron a consulta externa del Hospital Atdo Chavarría en el período de abril del 2007 a enero del 2008. De estos pacientes 65 fueron varones y 85 fueron mujeres. Las patologías que se encontraron frecuentes en el sexo masculino son las siguientes: 29 casos de contractura muscular, 26 casos de osteoartrosis cervical y 10 casos de radiculopatia cervical más osteoartrosis cervical. En el sexo femenino las patologías que se encontraron frecuentes fueron : 37 casos de contractura muscular, 23 casos de osteoartrosis cervical y 25 casos de radiculopatía cervical más osteoartrosis. Entre los síntomas del aparato locomotor relacionados con cervicalgia independientemente del sexo se hallá que había dolor irradiado a 1 ó 2 miembros superiores en 68 de los casos estudiados y parestesias en 1 6 2 miembros superiores en 63 de los casos. Había dolor lumbar en 15 de los casos y dolor dorsal en 5 de los pacientes. El síntoma dolor fue evaluado antes y después del tratamiento mediante la escala del dolor de Borg. Los cortes evaluativos se hicieron cada 5 sesiones de tratamiento siendo la número 15 la final. Se obtuvieron los siguientes resultados: al inicio del tratamiento se ubicaron en el nivel 6 a 11(7.3%) de los pacientes, en el nivel 7 a 52 (34%) de los pacientes, en el nivel 8 a 48 (32%) de los pacientes, en el nivel 9 a 23(15%) d elos pacientes y en el nivel 10 a16(10.6%) de los pacientes. El tratamiento rehabilitador fue efectivo para el 55.3% de lo pacientes que disminuyeron su dolor a nivel 0. Un 26 disminuyó el dolor al nivel 1 y el 13.3% refieren un dolor constante...

Congenital contractural arachnodactyly with neurogenic muscular atrophy: case report

We report the case of a 3-1/2-year-old girl with hypotonia, multiple joint contractures, hip luxation, arachnodactyly, adducted thumbs, dolichostenomelia, and abnormal external ears suggesting the diagnosis of congenital contractural arachnodactyly (CCA). The serum muscle enzimes were normal and the needle electromyography showed active and chronic denervation. The muscle biopsy demonstrated active and chronic denervation compatible with spinal muscular atrophy. Analysis of exons 7 and 8 of survival motor neuron gene through polymerase chain reaction did not show deletions. Neurogenic muscular atrophy is a new abnormality associated with CCA, suggesting that CCA is clinically heterogeneous

Síndrome de Ehlers-Danlos com associaçäo de contraturas e hipotonia severas / ehlers-Danlos syndrome with soft-tissue contractures and severe hipotonia

O autor descreve cinco pacientes com síndrome de Ehlers-Danlos associada com hipotonia e contraturas desde o nascimento. Artrogripose multiplex congênita, síndrome de Larsen, síndrome de Marfan e amiotonia congênita de Oppenheim foram os diagnósticos diferenciais considerados na primeira infância. A tríade clínica característica da doença de Ehlers-Danlos surgiu, insidiosamente, a paartir dos quatro anos, possibilitando a correçäo diagnóstica. O diagnóstico diferencial desses distúrbios do tecido conjuntivo e os problemas do tratamento ortopédico das deformidades articulares säo abordados.

Habitual dislocation of the patella.

The clinical presentation of 26 knees in 25 children with habitual dislocation of the patella caused by contracture of the quadriceps muscle was studied. They had all received intramuscular injections to the thigh during infancy. The predominant symptom was sudden giving way of the knee during activity. The patella dislocated everytime the knee flexed and when allowed to do so, full flexion was possible; when it was prevented from dislocating, knee flexion was limited in all cases. At operation, it was noted that the contractures were confined to the iliotibial band, vastus lateralis and the lateral fibres of the rectus femoris muscle. Division of the contracted bands corrected the dislocation. In four cases, medial plication was required as an additional procedure. A post-operative extensor lag of the knee was present in all cases, which recovered within one year.

modified kettesy's tarsal rotation operation for cicatricial enteropion of the lower lid

A modified Kettesy's tarsal rotation operation for correction of cicatricial entropion of the lower lid, even recurrent cases, was described above. A modified method of suturing and incision which is different from the original Kettesy's operation and its modified method of suturing suggested by Farag, 1963, is added and adviced by us. Modified Kettesy's tarsal rotation operation is recommended for correction of cicatricial entropion of the lower lid, even in recurrent cases because of its favourable surgical and cosmetic results